Les satuts insulaires
Trois collectivités insulaires : trois statuts différents
Trois collectivités insulaires ont été au cœur de l’actualité ces deux dernières semaines : la Corse, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, et Saint Barthélemy… L’occasion de faire le point sur autant de statuts territoriaux différents qui montrent la diversité de la République française.
1/ La nouvelle collectivité de Corse
Depuis la loi du 13 mai 1991, la Corse est une collectivité territoriale à statut particulier au sens de l’article 72 al 1er de la Constitution de 1958, divisée en deux départements (Haute Corse et Corse-du-Sud).
À compter du 1er janvier 2018, la “collectivité de Corse” (et non plus “collectivité territoriale de Corse”) deviendra une collectivité à statut particulier en lieu et place de la collectivité territoriale de Corse et des départements de Corse du Sud et de Haute-Corse dont elle exercera les compétences et auxquels elle se substituera « dans tous leurs biens, droits et obligations ainsi que dans toutes les délibérations et actes pris par ces derniers » aux termes de l’article 30 de la loi NOTRe du 7 août 2015 portant ce nouveau statut.
Le 10 décembre dernier a eu lieu l’élection des futurs 63 conseillers qui siègeront à l’Assemblée de Corse. Les électeurs ont voté à 56, 49 % pour la liste Pè a Corsica (« Pour la Corse »), conduite par Gilles Simeoni, actuellement président du Conseil exécutif et figure de proue du nationalisme corse. Devant plusieurs questions posées par la future majorité, notamment, la co-officialité de la langue corse, le statut de résident, et une autonomie législative permettant de tenir compte des spécificités de la Corse qui nécessiteraient une révision de la constitution, le gouvernement a désigné Jacqueline Gourault, ministre auprès du ministre d’Etat ministre de l’intérieur, pour conduire le dialogue. Attachée à l’identité des territoires, fine diplomate et technicienne des questions territoriales, avec Jacqueline Gourault les « deux parties » disposent de la meilleure personne pour conduire des discussions sous d’heureux auspices.
2/ Le prochain référendum sur la pleine souveraineté en Nouvelle-Calédonie
Le déplacement du Premier ministre Edouard Philippe en Nouvelle-Calédonie qui a eu lieu du 2 au 7 décembre 2017 marque un moment important dans la vie démocratique territoriale de l’archipel.
Collectivité d’outre-mer à statut particulier, son statut unique résulte de l’accord de Nouméa (5 mai 1998), approuvé lors de la consultation électorale du 8 novembre 1998. La loi organique n° 99-209 du 19 mars 1999 avait ensuite fixé le cadre dans lequel s’inscrit l’évolution institutionnelle de la Nouvelle-Calédonie pour vingt ans, avec notamment une consultation sur la pleine accession à la souveraineté de la Nouvelle-Calédonie qui doit être organisée d’ici novembre 2018.
La consultation à venir portera ainsi sur le transfert à la Nouvelle-Calédonie des compétences régaliennes, sur l’accès à un statut international de pleine responsabilité et sur l’organisation de la citoyenneté en nationalité.
Avec le consensus obtenu auparavant obtenu par le Premier ministre le 2 novembre 2017 sur la composition des listes électorales pour le référendum sur l’accession de à la pleine souveraineté, il y a lieu d’espérer que la consultation se fera sereinement en tenant légitimement compte du droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes.
3/ L’île de Saint-Barthélemy, une collectivité bien particulière…
Au cœur de l’actualité, parce qu’une personne chère aux Français vient d’y être inhumée, nous avons eu envie de vous donner quelques informations sur son organisation institutionnelle.
Située dans l’archipel des petites Antilles, à l’est et au sud-est de l’île de Porto-Rico, qui comprend toutes les Antilles françaises, mais aussi la Barbade, Grenade, Sainte-Lucie, les îles Vierges, entre autres… Saint-Barthélemy est une collectivité d’outre-mer (COM) dotée de l’autonomie au sens de l’article 74 de la Constitution depuis le 15 juillet 2007. Avant le 15 juillet 2007, Saint-Barthélemy était une commune, et un arrondissement dépendant du département d’outre-mer de la Guadeloupe.
L’article 74 confère à une COM un statut défini par une loi organique adoptée après avis de l’assemblée délibérante de la collectivité, le conseil territorial, qui tient compte des intérêts propres de la collectivité. Aux termes ainsi de la loi organique n° 2007-223 du 21 février 2007 portant dispositions statutaires et institutionnelles relatives à l’outre-mer, complétée par la loi n° 2007-224 du même jour, la collectivité de Saint Barthélemy fixe les règles applicables en de nombreuses matières, dont la fiscalité, l’urbanisme et la construction, la voirie, l’environnement, la circulation routière, l’aménagement et exploitation des ports maritimes, à l’exception du régime du travail ; l’énergie, le tourisme…
En outre, selon l’article 198 du TFUE, Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne, Saint Barthélemy constitue au sens du droit de l’Union un « pays et territoires d’outre-mer » un PTOM qui fait l’objet d’un régime spécial d’association défini par la quatrième partie du traité. En application de cet article, aucunes dispositions générales de ce traité, ni le droit dérivé ne sont applicables aux PTOM sans référence expresse. Nul doute que notre Johnny est au paradis…
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